Resumen El diseño de esta investigación es de corte empírico y cuantitativo, además, es de tipo psicométrico, bajo el criterio de estudio instrumental. Su objetivo principal fue diseñar y validar una escala de actitudes hacia la Policía Nacional para una muestra colombiana. Para ello, se realizó una revisión teórica y se diseñó una tabla de especificaciones que permitió identificar la cantidad de ítems que se requerían para abarcar las seis funciones principales de dicha entidad. Posteriormente, los ítems fueron sometidos a la validación por parte de jueces, se realizaron algunos ajustes sugeridos a la escala y se aplicó la encuesta a 566 ciudadanos colombianos con edades entre los 18 y 82 años, cuya media fue de 26 años. Se tuvo acceso a la población a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por bola de nieve. Así mismo, se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial exploratorio, que agrupó los reactivos en cuatro factores: pensamientos y creencias hacia la Policía Nacional, emociones y sentimientos hacia la Policía Nacional, accionar propio de la Policía y accionar de la Policía ante riñas y peleas. Además, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio que refiere adecuados índices de bondad de ajuste. Los resultados de los análisis estadísticos demostraron que este instrumento tiene una alta consistencia interna y confiabilidad, lo cual se ve reflejado en el alfa de Cronbach general de 0,875 y una adecuada validez, ya que los ítems tienen apropiados índices de extracción y los cuatro factores en los que se agruparon explican el 47,140% de la varianza total.

Abstract This study's design was empirical and quantitative. In addition, it was psychometric, under instrumental study criteria. Its main objective was to design and validate a scale of attitudes towards the National Police for a Colombian sample. To do so, a theoretical review was performed and a table of specifications was created, which allowed identifying the amount of items required to cover the six main functions of said entity. Subsequently, the items were submitted to validation by judges. Some suggested adjustment were made to the scale, and the survey was given to 566 Colombian citizens between the ages of 18 to 82. The average age was 26. The population was accessed by means of non-probability, snowball sampling. Moreover, an exploratory factor analysis was performed, which regrouped the reactive items into four factors: thoughts and beliefs regarding the National Police, feelings and emotions towards the National Police, the Police's own actions, and the Police's actions in light of brawls and fights. In addition, a confirmatory factor analysis that refers to proper goodness of fit indices was performed. The results of the statistical analyses demonstrated that this instrument has high internal consistency and reliability, which is reflected in the general Cronbach's alpha of 0,875 and proper validity, since the items have appropriate extraction indices and the four factors in which they were grouped explain 47,140% of total variance.

Resumo O desenho desta pesquisa é empírico e quantitativo, além disso, é psicométrico, sob o critério de estudo instrumental. Seu principal objetivo foi desenhar e validar uma escala de atitudes em relação à Polícia Nacional para uma amostra colombiana. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão teórica e foi elaborado um quadro de especificações para identificar o número de itens necessários para cobrir as seis funções principais da referida entidade. Posteriormente, os itens foram submetidos à validação de juízes, alguns ajustes sugeridos foram feitos na escala e a pesquisa foi aplicada a 566 cidadãos colombianos com idade entre 18 e 82 anos, cuja média foi de 26 anos. A população foi acessada por amostragem não probabilística em bola de neve. Da mesma forma, foi realizada uma análise fatorial exploratória, que agrupou os itens em quatro fatores: pensamentos e crenças em relação à Polícia Nacional, emoções e sentimentos em relação à Polícia Nacional, atuação característica da Polícia e atuação da Polícia frente a rixas e brigas. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise fatorial confirmatória que se refere a índices adequados de bondade de ajuste. Os resultados das análises estatísticas demonstraram que este instrumento possui alta consistência interna e confiabilidade, o que se reflete no alfa de Cronbach geral de 0,875 e validade adequada, uma vez que os itens apresentam taxas de extração adequadas e os quatro fatores nos quais foram agrupados explicam 47,140% da variância total.

Sediment quality was analyzed for total organic matter (TOM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), trace metals (Cd, Pb, and Cu), and non-specific toxicity at four Chilean ports with different cabotage activities. TOM was analyzed by ignition, metals by polarography, PAHs by GC-MS, and non-specific toxicity with the fecundation technique (USEPA 1988). The ports at Iquique, San Vicente, and Talcahuano had muddy sediments with high TOM concentrations (ca. 12%). PAHs concentrations were highest at San Vicente (18,930 µg kg-1 benzo(b)fluorantene; 10,820 µg kg-1 benzo(a)anthracene; 8,550 µg kg-1 benzo(a)pyrene), whereas metal concentrations were greatest at Iquique (20 µg g-1 Cd; 370 µg g-1 Pb; 514 µg g-1 Cu). The sediments at the Patache port were fine sand with low TOM, metal, and PAHs contents. The toxicity assays differed significantly from the controls. Iquique and Talcahuano were the most polluted sites in terms of metal contents according to the ICUI (Urban and Industrial Contamination Index) and San Vicente was the most affected in terms of this index and the PAHs Addition Index (IA HAPs). We propose that synergies between the pollutants, more than the contents of each one of these, are responsible for the toxicity of the sediments.

Se analizó la calidad de sedimentos de cuatro puertos chilenos con diferentes actividades de cabotaje, en función del contenido de materia orgánica (MOT), hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs), metales traza (Cd, Pb y Cu) y toxicidad no específica. MOT se analizó por ignición, metales por polarografía, HAPs por GC-MS y la toxicidad no específica aplicando la técnica de fecundación (USEPA 1988). Los puertos de Iquique, San Vicente y Talcahuano presentaron sedimentos fangosos con alta concentración de MOT (ca. 12%). San Vicente presentó las mayores concentraciones de HAPs (18.930 µg kg-1 de benzo(b)fluoranteno; 10.820 µg kg-1 de benzo(a)antraceno y 8.550 µg kg-1 de benzo(a)pireno) e Iquique las mayores concentraciones de metales (20 µg g-1 Cd; 370 µg g-1 Pb and 514 µg g-1 Cu). Puerto Patache mostró sedimentos con arena fina, bajos contenidos de MOT, metales y HAPs. Los ensayos de toxicidad indicaron diferencias significativas respecto de los controles. El índice de contaminación urbana e industrial (ICUI) referido al contenido de metales, reveló como más contaminados a Iquique y Talcahuano; en cambio el índice de adición de HAPs a San Vicente (IA HAPs), al igual que la toxicidad. Se postula que sinergias entre los contaminantes, más que los contenidos de cada uno de ellos, serían los responsables de la toxicidad de los sedimentos.

The present study determined the main sources of Zn enrichment at the head of Aysén Fjord. The study considered the analysis of the river sediments that enter the fjord (fluvial record), the marine sediments at the head of the fjord (estuarine area record), and the sediments from stations along the fjord (horizontal concentration gradient). The Zn content was analyzed, as were Cd, Cu, and Pb as references. A different chemical attack was performed in order to estimate the total Zn and a sequential extraction techniques to estimate the "species" or fractions. The quantification was done using a polarographic analyzer (POL 150) coupled to a Trace Lab 50TM with square wave voltammetry and standard addition. Moreover, the sediment grain size, total organic matter, total organic carbon, and total phosphorus were analyzed. The results confirmed the highest zinc concentrations in the surface sediments at the head of the fjord. The profiles showed the highest concentrations of Zn at the surface. The fractional chemical attack indicated that residual Zn (60-80%) was the most abundant fraction. The Zn fractions associated with oxy-hydroxides and organo-metallics were similar (10-20%) and greater than the exchangeable fractions (5-10%). The residual Zn was associated with the lithogenic fraction and the rest corresponded to fluvial contributions main baseline components, whereas the remaining inflow corresponded to contributions associated with fluvial, advective, and anthropogenic components at the head of the fjord. The identification of the sources of Zn enrichment provides information relevant for implementing management policies to protect the area and indicates the changes due to anthropogenic sources

Se identificó las principales fuentes de Zn en la cabeza del fiordo Aysén. El estudio consideró el análisis de los sedimentos de los ríos que ingresan al fiordo (registro fluvial), del sedimento marino en la cabeza del fiordo (registro área estuarial) y de las estaciones situadas a lo largo del fiordo (gradiente horizontal de concentración). Se analizó el contenido de Zn y como referentes Cd, Cu y Pb. Se realizó un ataque químico para estimar el Zn total y un ataque secuencial para estimar "especies" o fracciones. La cuantificación se realizó en un polarógrafo POL 150, acoplado a un analizador Trace Lab 50TM, con voltametria de onda cuadrada y adición estándar. Además, se analizó la textura del sedimento, materia orgánica total, carbono orgánico total y fósforo total. Los resultados confirmaron la mayor concentración de Zn en los sedimentos superficiales de la cabeza del fiordo. Los perfiles mostraron la mayor concentración de Zn en superficie. El ataque químico secuencial indicó como fracción más abundante al Zn residual (60 a 80%). La fracción de Zn asociada a oxi-hidróxidos y órgano-metálicos fue parecida (10 a 20%) y mayor que los intercambiables (5 a 10%). El Zn residual fue asociado a la fracción litogénica y el restante correspondería a aportes asociados a componentes fluviales, advectivos y antropogénicos en la cabeza del fiordo. La identificación de las vías de enriquecimiento de Zn entrega información que permitiría implementar políticas de gestión para la protección del área y hacer reconocibles los cambios por fuentes antropogénicas

Thermospray flame furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) was used for the total determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in fresh water and seawater samples at µg L-1 levels, and in marine sediment samples at µg g-1 levels. Using a sample loop of 50 µL and a peristaltic pump the samples were transported into the metallic tube placed over an air/acetylene flame, through a ceramic capillary (o.d. = 3.2 mm) containing two parallel internal orifices (i.d = 0.5 mm). The detection limits determined for Cd, Pb and Zn using a synthetic water matrix (2.5% m/v NaCl, 0.5% m/v MgCl2 and 0.8% m/v CaCl2) were 0.32 µg L-1; 2.6 µg L-1 and 0.21 µg L-1 respectively. The methodology by TS-FF-AAS was validated by determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in certified reference materials of water and marine sediment, and the t-test for differences between means was applied. No statistically significant differences were established in fresh water and seawater (p>0.05), whereas differences became apparent in marine sediment (p<0.03).